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STUDIES AVAILABLE OF ANXIETY
Sources :- http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov
1. Mt Sinai J Med. 2011 Jul;78(4):527-45. doi: 10.1002/msj.20266.
Depression and anxiety in late life: diagnostic insights and therapeutic options.
Kastenschmidt EK, Kennedy GJ.
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY.
Depression and anxiety represent a sizeable public-health problem for older Americans. Effective treatment of depression and anxiety in late-life patients can improve outcomes directly related to those diseases as well as to comorbid medical diseases. A variety of approaches has been shown to be effective in older adults and is easily accessible to the primary care, specialty, and inpatient practitioner. Because of the etiologic complexity associated with mood disturbance in late life, it is helpful to consider depression and anxiety in late life as a geriatric syndrome similar to frailty, falls, incontinence, and impaired cognition. These syndromes have multiple causes of associated disability, yielding a multitude of avenues for intervention. However, translating the science of care for depression and anxiety into improved mental-health services for older adults and their families remains a challenge to providers and policy-makers alike. In the Tables, the authors offer measures for screening and response evaluation as well as guidance for pharmacotherapy and psychotherapeutic interventions that may be incorporated into primary care.
PMID: 21748742 [PubMed - in process]
2. Support Care Cancer. 2011 Jul 7. [Epub ahead of print]
Nutritional and psychosocial status of colorectal cancer patients referred to an outpatient oncology clinic.
Daudt HM, Cosby C, Dennis DL, Payeur N, Nurullah R.
Clinical Research, Vancouver Island Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency,2410 Lee Avenue, Victoria, BC, V8R 6V5, Canada, hdaudt@bccancer.bc.ca.
PURPOSE: Malnutrition and psychological distress are associated with poorer outcomes following treatment for colorectal cancer. Screening for issues such as malnutrition, depression, and anxiety is being adopted in some oncology settings,but its effectiveness or the relationship between these risk factors in this population are not well understood. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was conducted of 836 health assessment forms provided to colorectal cancer patients referred to an outpatient oncology clinic. Nutritional (Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment) and psychological (Psychosocial Screen for Cancer) screening tools were included in the form. Demographic and screening tool information was obtained from completed forms. The prevalence of nutritional risk, depression, and anxiety were determined based on screening tool scores and clinical cutoffs. An ordinal regression model was fitted to determine which demographic and psychosocial factors best predicted nutritional risk.
RESULTS:Only 252 (30%) of the forms were completed enough for inclusion in analysis. The prevalence of nutritional risk, anxiety, and depression were determined to be 29%, 10%, and 7%, respectively. A regression model containing the variables depression, anxiety, gender, health coverage, and marital status was found to best explain the nutritional score. Depression was the most significant predictor, with odds of increased nutritional risk being 5.6 times greater for depressed individuals (P = 0.0005). CONCLUSIONS: The use of nutritional and psychosocial screening tools is warranted and needs to be emphasized more in oncology settings. There appears to be a relationship between psychosocial issues and increased nutritional risk which should be taken into account whenconsidering cancer care interventions.
PMID: 21748465 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
3. Psychon Bull Rev. 2011 Jul 6. [Epub ahead of print]
The influence of anxiety on processing capacity for threat detection.
Richards HJ, Hadwin JA, Benson V, Wenger MJ, Donnelly N.
University of Southampton, Southampton, England, UK, hjr105@soton.ac.uk.
In the present study, we explored the proposition that an individual's capacity for threat detection is related to his or her trait anxiety. Using a redundant signals paradigm with concurrent measurements of reaction times and eye movements, participants indicated the presence or absence of an emotional target face (angry or happy) in displays containing no targets, one target, or two targets. We used estimates of the orderings on the hazard functions of the RT distributions as measures of processing capacity (Townsend & Ashby, 1978; Wenger & Gibson, Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance,30,708-719, 2004) to assess whether self-reported anxiety and the affective state of the face interacted with the level of perceptual load (i.e., the number of targets). Results indicated that anxiety was associated with fewer eye movements and increased processing capacity to detect multiple (vs. single) threatening faces. The data are consistent with anxiety influencing threat detection via a broadly tuned attentional mechanism (Eysenck, Derakshan, Santos, & Calvo,Emotion, 7,336-353, 2007).
PMID: 21748420 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
4. Urologe A. 2011 Jul 13. [Epub ahead of print]
[Impact of preoperative pain on postoperative pain chronification : Six-month
follow-up after urologic surgery.]
[Article in German]
Ozgür E, Straub K, Wille S, Engelmann U, Dagtekin O, Gerbershagen HJ.
Klinik und Poliklinik für Urologie, Universitätsklinikum Köln, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937, Köln, Deutschland, enver.oezguer@uk-koeln.de.
BACKGROUND: We examined the influence of preoperative pain on postoperative pain chronification in urological patients. METHODS: Pain was determined before operation, immediately afterwards and 3 or 6 months post-surgically. Acute and chronic pain was analysed in detail with regard to severity, grade of chronification and pain intensity. We also assessed patients with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. RESULTS: Patients with preoperative pain reported postoperatively higher pain scores compared to patients without preoperative pain. Patients with higher Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale scores reported higher pain scores for the first 7 days after the operation. Three months after surgery 51.2% of all patients and 6 months after surgery 1.2% of all patients reported about pain. CONCLUSION: Our results give evidence to the fact that preexisting pain prior to surgery has an influence on the postoperative pain course. To avoid chronification adequate therapy of the preexisting pain shouldbe carried out.
PMID: 21748380 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
5. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2011 Jul 12. [Epub ahead of print]
The Plasticity of Adolescent Cognitions: Data from a Novel Cognitive Bias
Modification Training Task.
Lau JY, Molyneaux E, Telman MD, Belli S.
Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 4AU, UK,Jennifer.lau@psy.ox.ac.uk.
Many adult anxiety problems emerge in adolescence. Investigating how adolescent anxiety arises and abates is critical for understanding and preventing adult psychiatric problems. Drawing threat interpretations from ambiguous material is linked to adolescent anxiety but little research has clarified the causal nature of this relationship. Work in adults using Cognitive Bias Modification of Interpretations (CBM-I) training show that manipulating negative interpretational style alters negative affect. Conversely, 'boosting' positive interpretations improves affect. Here, we extend CBM-I investigations to adolescents. Thirty nine adolescents (13-18 years), varying in trait anxiety and self-efficacy, were randomly allocated to receive positive or negative training. Training-congruentdifferences emerged for subsequent interpretation style. Induced negative biases predicted a decline in positive affect in low self-efficacious adolescents only. Tentatively, our data suggest that cognitive biases predict adolescent affective symptoms in vulnerable individuals. The acquisition of positive cognitions through training has implications for prevention.
PMID: 21748287 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
6. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2011 Jul 12. [Epub ahead of print]
Stress Reactivity to Repeated Low-Level Challenges: A Pilot Study.
Webb HE, Fabianke-Kadue EC, Kraemer RR, Kamimori GH, Castracane VD, Acevedo EO.
Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State,
Mississippi, 121 McCarthy Gymnasium, Starkville, MS, 39759, USA,
hwebb@colled.msstate.edu.
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a mental challenge on
cardiovascular and endocrine [epinephrine (EPI), norepinephrine (NE), and cortisol (CORT)] responses to subsequent low-intensity physical exertion. Twelve males (23.25 ± 0.45 years) completed three sessions, including a graded exercise test on a cycle ergometer and two counter-balanced mental stress trials. In the mental challenge-control condition (MC), participants sat quietly for 20 min following a 20 min mental challenge whereas in the mental challenge-exercise condition (MEC) subjects cycled at 35% of maximal oxygen consumption (VO(2max))following the mental challenge. Repeated-measures ANOVAs were used to assess state anxiety (SAI), cardiovascular variables, EPI, NE, and CORT levels across time between conditions. Participants reported significantly greater increases in SAI scores immediately after the mental challenge, which then decreased post-challenge in both conditions. Neither EPI or NE demonstrated an alteration in levels in either condition, but CORT significantly increased after the mental challenge in both conditions and then maintained a significantly greater level during the MEC compared to the MC condition from midexercise through 15 min of recovery. Area-under-the-curve calculations for CORT was significantly greater in the MEC compared to the MC. Results suggest that the initial mental challenge may have acted to enhance the overall adrenal response to the subsequent anticipation of and actual participation in the low-level physical challenge.
PMID: 21748278 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
7. Saudi Med J. 2011 Jul;32(7):725-9.
The Arabic version of the modified dental anxiety scale. Psychometrics and
normative data for 15-16 year olds.
Abu-Ghazaleh SB, Rajab LD, Sonbol HN, Aljafari AK, Elkarmi RF, Humphris G.
Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry,
University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan. Tel. +962 (6) 5355000. Fax. +962 (6)5339289. E-mail: s.ghazaleh@ju.edu.jo.
OBJECTIVE: To prepare an Arabic version of the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale
(MDAS) and provide normative information including evidence to support the
validity of the measure.
METHODS: The MDAS was translated into Arabic and back-translated into English.
Data collection took place in Amman, Jordan from March 2009 to March 2010. One thousand and six hundred two 10th grade students took part in the study (15-16years of age) sampled from 32 schools. Questionnaire consisted not only of the MDAS, but also (i) a single global question on dental anxiety to test concurrent validity, (ii) a question on helplessness in the dental surgery to test construct validity and (iii) demographic profile.
RESULTS: The level of missing data was minimal for the translated scale. The internal consistency for this sample using the Arabic MDAS was 0.87 (95%
confidence interval was 0.86-0.88). The measure was a one-dimensional scale. The proportion of the sample that was highly dentally anxious was 22% (>/= 19 cut-off score). Expected differences between gender and self-reported dental attendance were observed. There were clear significant relationships as predicted betweenthe Arabic MDAS and (i) a single item measure of dental anxiety and (ii) feeling helpless in the dental chair on a previous occasion.
CONCLUSION: The Arabic version of the MDAS can be employed for brief assessment of dental anxiety.
PMID: 21748211 [PubMed - in process]
8. PLoS One. 2011;6(7):e20653. Epub 2011 Jul 1.
Diffusion-weighted MRI and quantitative biophysical modeling of hippocampal
neurite loss in chronic stress.
Vestergaard-Poulsen P, Wegener G, Hansen B, Bjarkam CR, Blackband SJ, Nielsen NC,Jespersen SN.
Center for Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus,Denmark.
Chronic stress has detrimental effects on physiology, learning and memory and is involved in the development of anxiety and depressive disorders. Besides changes in synaptic formation and neurogenesis, chronic stress also induces dendritic remodeling in the hippocampus, amygdala and the prefrontal cortex. Investigations of dendritic remodeling during development and treatment of stress are currently limited by the invasive nature of histological and stereological methods. Here we show that high field diffusion-weighted MRI combined with quantitative biophysical modeling of the hippocampal dendritic loss in 21 day restraint stressed rats highly correlates with former histological findings. Our study strongly indicates that diffusion-weighted MRI is sensitive to regional dendritic loss and thus a promising candidate for non-invasive studies of dendritic plasticity in chronic stress and stress-related disorders.
PMID: 21747929 [PubMed - in process]
9. Int J Obes (Lond). 2011 Jul;35(7):1010. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2011.109.
Childhood obesity: the role of family factors, depressive symptoms and anxiety levels.
Pinto I, Oliveira L, Pinto M, Calhau C, Coelho R.
PMID: 21747394 [PubMed - in process]
10. J Marital Fam Ther. 2011 Jul;37(3):333-43. doi: 10.1111/j.1752-0606.2010.00204.x.Epub 2010 Apr 28.
Psychotherapy dropouts: Differences by modality, license, and DSM-IV diagnosis.
Hamilton S, Moore AM, Crane DR, Payne SH.Brigham Young University.
Dropouts are frequent in mental health care. Several client factors have beenidentified as dropout predictors, including ethnic minority status, race, lowSES, and more severe symptoms. Research on therapist and process variables is less common, and findings are inconsistent. This study used administrative data for 434,317 patients from CIGNA Behavioral Health (CIGNA) to examine dropout rates by profession of provider, therapy modality, and DSM-IV diagnosis. Results indicate that among the providers, MFTs have the lowest dropout rates in the CIGNA network. Of the therapy modalities, individual therapy is associated with lower dropout rates than family therapy. Mood and anxiety disorders have lower dropout rates than other diagnosis categories, while schizophrenia, psychotic,and substance use disorders have the highest dropout rates.
PMID: 21745235 [PubMed - in process]
11. Brain Inj. 2011 Jul 12. [Epub ahead of print]
?Trails B or not Trails B?? Is attention-switching a useful outcome measure?
Tonks J, Williams WH, Mounce L, Harris D, Frampton I, Yates P, Slater A.
School of Psychology, University of Exeter , Exeter, Devon , UK.
Primary objective: Difficulties with attention contribute to behavioural and cognitive problems during childhood and may reflect subtle deficits in executive functioning (EF). Attention problems in early childhood have also been found to predict higher levels of anxiety and depression symptoms at 10 years old. It has also been reported that attention problems during childhood may be differentially related to later-emerging distinct EF difficulties. Many of these findings, however, rely on teacher-ratings of attention difficulties. Methods and procedures: This study administered neuropsychological tests of attention-switching and EF to 67 healthy children aged 9?15 years of age. It additionally measured socio-emotional behavioural functioning. Main outcomes and results: A critical phase of improvement was found at 10 years of age.Correlations were found between attention-switching skills and EF.Attention-switching skills were also correlated with socio-emotional functioning.Conclusions: Attention-switching skills have some interdependence with EF, but in paediatric assessment such skills are easier to routinely assess than many of the currently available tests of EF. It is suggested that attention-switching ability may prove to be a useful predictor of EF performance in understanding long-term outcome after a neurological event such as traumatic brain injury.
PMID: 21745176 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
12. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2011 Jul 11. [Epub ahead of print]
Carotid atherosclerosis in depression and anxiety: Associations for age of
depression onset.
Seldenrijk A, van Hout HP, van Marwijk HW, de Groot E, Gort J, Rustemeijer C,
Diamant M, Penninx BW.
EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research.
Abstract Objective. Mental health and cardiovascular disease have been associated, whereas the temporal course and underlying mechanisms are still
incompletely understood. Our aims were to examine the presence of subclinical atherosclerosis in subjects with depressive or anxiety disorder, also taking into account disorder characteristics (subtype, severity, duration, age of onset,medication). Methods. The sample included 470 depression or anxiety cases and 179controls, aged 20?66 years, participating in the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). Diagnoses were assigned using the DSM-IV based Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and plaque information were obtained using B-mode ultrasound imaging. Results.Overall, depressive and anxiety disorders were not associated with carotid atherosclerosis. However, age of depression onset was associated with CIMT (total: 0.01mm per 10 years, P = 0.01; bifurcation: 0.02mm per 10 years, P = 0.003) and plaque presence (OR = 1.35 per 10 years, 95%CI = 1.02?1.80, P = 0.04).When compared with controls, late-onset (? 40 years) depressed had an increased CIMT in the atherosclerosis progression-prone bifurcation segment (0.75 vs. 0.81 mm, P = 0.004). Conclusions. These findings suggest a distinct pathophysiology of late-onset as compared with early-onset depression, including a vascular component.
PMID: 21745125 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
13. Psychol Health Med. 2011 Jul 11. [Epub ahead of print]
Psycho-physiological impact on women with chronic fatigue syndrome in the context of their couple relationship.
Blazquez A, Guillamó E, Alegre J, Ruiz E, Javierre C.
a Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiological Sciences II , Medical School, University of Barcelona , IDIBELL. L'Hospitalet , Barcelona , Spain.
The quality of dyadic adjustment is likely to play an important role in patients'relational problems and may also be associated with the clinical presentation of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) symptoms. The objective of this study was (1) to determine whether CFS patients and their partners have similar perceptions of their dyadic adjustment and (2) to evaluate whether the influence of dyadic satisfaction in women with CFS, as well as common psychological parameters such as anxiety, may correlate with physiological responses at rest and/or when performing very low intensity exercise. Forty females with CFS and their partners completed the Dyadic Adjustment Scale, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale. The cardiovascular adaptation of patients was evaluated during resting conditions and on a precalibrated cycle ergometer while performing very low intensity exercise. Patients and partners had similar perceptions of their marital relationship. Both at rest and during very low workload, various physiological parameters in the patient group showed statistical correlations with certain psychological parameters. Several psychological variables, such as anxiety and dyadic adjustment, were associated with the cardioventilatory response monitored at rest and during very low intensity exercise. Further studies are needed to determine the nature of this association.
PMID: 21745025 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
14. Psychol Health Med. 2011 Jul 11. [Epub ahead of print]
Psychological morbidity, illness representations, and quality of life in female and male patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.
Sampaio R, Pereira MG, Winck JC.
a School of Psychology , University of Minho , Braga , Portugal.
Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a sleep-related breathing disorder that affects both women and men. The aim of this study was to characterize and investigate the differences in terms of anxiety, depression, illness perception, and quality of life between female and male OSAS patients from a total of 111 patients (33 women and 78 men) who were recently diagnosed with OSAS in an outpatient clinic of a University Hospital in Portugal. They underwent a standardized protocol that included evaluation to assess of psychological morbidity (anxiety and depression - Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale),illness representations (Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire), and quality of life (Sleep Apnea Quality of Life Index). The most significant differences between female and male OSAS patients result of apnea/hypopnea index (AHI), after controlling for body mass index (p < 0.05); anxiety (p = 0.000) and depression(p < 0.005); consequences (p < 0.005), identity (p = 0.000), coherence(p < 0.01), and emotional representation (p < 0.005) of OSAS; and for daily functioning (p = 0.000), emotional (p = 0.001), and symptoms (p < 0.05) domains of quality of life. Data suggest that women revealed more psychological morbidity associated with OSAS. Therefore, it seems extremely important to look at women as potential patients for sleep apnea and avoid looking up for a pattern of symptoms that rely on men as a norm to which women are compared.
PMID: 21745022 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
15. Psychol Assess. 2011 Jul 11. [Epub ahead of print]
Development of a short form Social Interaction Anxiety (SIAS) and Social Phobia Scale (SPS) using nonparametric item response theory: The SIAS-6 and the SPS-6.
Peters L, Sunderland M, Andrews G, Rapee RM, Mattick RP.
Shortened forms of the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS) and the Social Phobia Scale (SPS) were developed using nonparametric item response theory
methods. Using data from socially phobic participants enrolled in 5 treatment trials (N = 456), 2 six-item scales (the SIAS-6 and the SPS-6) were developed.The validity of the scores on the SIAS-6 and the SPS-6 was then tested using traditional methods for their convergent validity in an independent clinical sample and a student sample, as well as for their sensitivity to change and diagnostic sensitivity in the clinical sample. The scores on the SIAS-6 and the SPS-6 correlated as well as the scores on the original SIAS and SPS, with scores on measures of related constructs, discriminated well between those with and without a diagnosis of social phobia, providing cutoffs for diagnosis and were as sensitive to measuring change associated with treatment as were the SIAS and SPS. Together, the SIAS-6 and the SPS-6 appear to be an efficient method of measuring symptoms of social phobia and provide a brief screening tool. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved).
PMID: 21744971 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
16. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2011 Jul 11. [Epub ahead of print]
A randomized controlled trial of online versus clinic-based CBT for adolescent anxiety.
Spence SH, Donovan CL, March S, Gamble A, Anderson RE, Prosser S, Kenardy J.
Objective: The study examined the relative efficacy of online (NET) versus clinic(CLIN) delivery of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) in the treatment of anxiety disorders in adolescents. Method: Participants included 115 clinically anxious adolescents aged 12 to 18 years and their parent(s). Adolescents were randomly assigned to NET, CLIN, or wait list control (WLC) conditions. The treatment groups received equivalent CBT content. Clinical diagnostic interviews and questionnaire assessments were completed 12 weeks after baseline and at 6- and 12-month follow-ups. Results: Assessment at 12 weeks post-baseline showed significantly greater reductions in anxiety diagnoses and anxiety symptoms for both NET and CLIN conditions compared with the WLC. These improvements were maintained or further enhanced for both conditions, with minimal differences between them, at 6- and 12-month follow-ups. Seventy-eight percent of adolescents in the NET group (completer sample) no longer met criteria for the principal anxiety diagnosis at 12-month follow-up compared with 80.6% in the CLIN group. Ratings of treatment credibility from both parents and adolescents were high for NET and equivalent to CLIN. Satisfaction ratings by adolescents were equivalent for NET and CLIN conditions, whereas parents indicated slightly higher satisfaction ratings for the CLIN format. Conclusions: Online delivery of CBT,with minimal therapist support, is equally efficacious as clinic-based, face-to-face therapy in the treatment of anxiety disorders among adolescents.This approach offers a credible alternative to clinic-based therapy, with benefits of reduced therapist time and greater accessibility for families who
have difficulty accessing clinic-based CBT. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011APA, all rights reserved).
PMID: 21744945 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
17. J Abnorm Psychol. 2011 Jul 11. [Epub ahead of print]
Interpretation bias in preschool children at risk for anxiety: A prospective study.
Dodd HF, Hudson JL, Morris TM, Wise CK.
A story-stem paradigm was used to assess interpretation bias in preschool children. Data were available for 131 children. Interpretation bias, behavioral inhibition (BI), and anxiety were assessed when children were aged between 3 years 2 months and 4 years 5 months. Anxiety was subsequently assessed 12 months,2 years, and 5 years later. A significant difference in interpretation bias was found between participants who met criteria for an anxiety diagnosis at baseline,with clinically anxious participants more likely to complete the ambiguous story-stems in a threat-related way. Threat interpretations significantly predicted anxiety symptoms at 12-month follow-up, after controlling for baseline symptoms, but did not predict anxiety symptoms or diagnoses at either 2-year or 5-year follow-up. There was little evidence for a relationship between BI and interpretation bias. Overall, the pattern of results was not consistent with the hypothesis that interpretation bias plays a role in the development of anxiety.Instead, some evidence for a role in the maintenance of anxiety over relatively short periods of time was found. The use of a story-stem methodology to assess interpretation bias in young children is discussed along with the theoretical and clinical implications of the findings.
PMID: 21744937 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
18. Drug Test Anal. 2011 Jul 11. doi: 10.1002/dta.307. [Epub ahead of print]
Current awareness of piperazines: pharmacology and toxicology.Elliott S.
(ROAR) Forensics Ltd, Malvern Hills Science Park, Geraldine Road, Malvern,
Worcestershire WR14 3SZ, UK. simontox@yahoo.co.uk.
Although many piperazine derivatives exist, only a limited number have been studied, whereby they have been found to be generally stimulant in nature
resulting from dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and predominantly serotoninergic effects in the brain. Reported toxic effects include agitation, anxiety, cardiac symptoms (e.g. tachycardia) and sometimes seizures. As for many drugs, they are primarily metabolized by cytochrome P450 with subsequent possible glucuronidation and/or sulfation. Their abuse has been relatively recently observed in the last decade with only a few identified in biological fluid (primarily 1-benzylpiperazine (BZP) and 1(3trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine (3-TFMPP)) despite publications of a number of analytical methods. Even when detected,
however, the toxicological significance of their presence is often difficult toascertain as many cases involve other drugs as well as a wide and overlapping range of concentrations found in blood (both in life and after death). This paper reviews the current pharmacological and toxicological information for piperazine derivatives and also includes new ante-mortem and post-mortem blood data.
PMID: 21744514 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
19. Int J Eat Disord. 2011 Jul 8. doi: 10.1002/eat.20946. [Epub ahead of print]
Duloxetine in the treatment of binge eating disorder with depressive disorders: Aplacebo-controlled trial.
Guerdjikova AI, McElroy SL, Winstanley EL, Nelson EB, Mori N, McCoy J, Keck PEJr, Hudson JI.
Lindner Center of HOPE, Mason, Ohio; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral
Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.
anna.guerdjikova@lindnercenter.org.
OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated duloxetine in the treatment of binge eating disorder (BED) with comorbid current depressive disorders. METHOD: In this
12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 40 patients with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV-TR BED and a comorbid current
depressive disorder received duloxetine (N = 20) or placebo (N = 20). The primary outcome measure was weekly binge eating day frequency. RESULTS: In the primary analysis, duloxetine (mean 78.7 mg/day) was superior to placebo in reducing weekly frequency of binge eating days (p = .04), binge eating episodes (p = .02),weight (p = .04), and Clinical Global Impression-Severity of Illness ratings for binge eating (p = .02) and depressive disorders (p = .01). Changes in body mass index and measures of eating pathology, depression, and anxiety did not differ between the two groups. DISCUSSION: Duloxetine may be effective for reducing binge eating, weight, and global severity of illness in BED with a comorbid current depressive disorder, but this finding needs confirmation in larger, placebo-controlled trials. © 2011 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2011;).
PMID: 21744377 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
20. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2011 Jul 10. [Epub ahead of print]
Theoretical Frameworks and Mechanistic Aspects of Alcohol Addiction: Alcohol
Addiction as a Reward Deficit Disorder.
Koob GF.
Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research
Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SP30-2400, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA,gkoob@scripps.edu.
Alcoholism can be defined by a compulsion to seek and take drug, loss of control in limiting intake, and the emergence of a negative emotional state when access to the drug is prevented. Alcoholism impacts multiple motivational mechanisms and can be conceptualized as a disorder that includes a progression from impulsivity (positive reinforcement) to compulsivity (negative reinforcement). The compulsive drug seeking associated with alcoholism can be derived from multiple neuroadaptations, but the thesis argued here is that a key component involves the construct of negative reinforcement. Negative reinforcement is defined as drug taking that alleviates a negative emotional state. The negative emotional state that drives such negative reinforcement is hypothesized to derive from
dysregulation of specific neurochemical elements involved in reward and stress within the basal forebrain structures involving the ventral striatum and extended amygdala, respectively. Specific neurochemical elements in these structures include not only decreases in reward neurotransmission, such as decreased dopamine and γ-aminobutyric acid function in the ventral striatum, but also recruitment of brain stress systems, such as corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), in the extended amygdala. Acute withdrawal from chronic alcohol,sufficient to produce dependence, increases reward thresholds, increases anxiety-like responses, decreases dopamine system function, and increases extracellular levels of CRF in the central nucleus of the amygdala. CRF receptor antagonists also block excessive drug intake produced by dependence. A brainstress response system is hypothesized to be activated by acute excessive drug intake, to be sensitized during repeated withdrawal, to persist into protracted abstinence, and to contribute to the compulsivity of alcoholism. Other components of brain stress systems in the extended amygdala that interact with CRF and that may contribute to the negative motivational state of withdrawal include norepinephrine, dynorphin, and neuropeptide Y. The combination of loss of reward function and recruitment of brain stress systems provides a powerful neurochemical basis for a negative emotional state that is responsible for the negative reinforcement driving, at least partially, the compulsivity of alcoholism.
PMID: 17317653 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Sources :- http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov